...
InCommon
...
Federation
...
Participant
...
Operational
...
Practices
Participation in InCommon Federation ("Federation")
...
enables
...
the
...
participant
...
to
...
use
...
Shibboleth
...
identity
...
attribute
...
sharing
...
technologies
...
to
...
manage
...
access
...
to
...
on-line
...
resources
...
that
...
can
...
be
...
made
...
available
...
to
...
the
...
InCommon
...
community.
...
One
...
goal
...
of
...
the
...
Federation
...
is
...
to
...
develop,
...
over
...
time,
...
community
...
standards
...
for
...
such
...
cooperating
...
organizations
...
to
...
ensure
...
that
...
shared
...
attribute
...
assertions
...
are
...
sufficiently
...
robust
...
and
...
trustworthy
...
to
...
manage
...
access
...
to
...
important
...
protected
...
resources.
...
As
...
the
...
community
...
of
...
trust
...
evolves,
...
the
...
Federation
...
expects
...
that
...
participants
...
eventually
...
should
...
be
...
able
...
to
...
trust
...
each
...
other's
...
identity
...
management
...
systems
...
and
...
resource
...
access
...
management
...
systems
...
as
...
they
...
trust
...
their
...
own.
...
A
...
fundamental
...
expectation
...
of
...
InCommon
...
Participants
...
is
...
that
...
they
...
provide
...
authoritative
...
and
...
accurate
...
attribute
...
assertions
...
to
...
other
...
participants
...
and
...
that
...
participants
...
receiving
...
an
...
attribute
...
assertion
...
protect
...
it
...
and
...
respect
...
privacy
...
constraints
...
placed
...
on
...
it
...
by
...
the
...
Federation
...
or
...
the
...
source
...
of
...
that
...
information.
...
In
...
furtherance
...
of
...
this
...
goal,
...
InCommon
...
requires
...
that
...
each
...
participant
...
make
...
available
...
to
...
other
...
participants
...
certain
...
basic
...
information
...
about
...
any
...
identity
...
management
...
system,
...
including
...
the
...
identity
...
attributes
...
that
...
are
...
supported,
...
or
...
resource
...
access
...
management
...
system
...
that
...
they
...
register
...
for
...
use
...
within
...
the
...
Federation.
...
Two
...
criteria
...
for
...
trustworthy
...
attribute
...
assertions
...
by
...
Credential
...
Providers
...
are:
...
(1)
...
that
...
the
...
identity
...
management
...
system
...
fall
...
under
...
the
...
purview
...
of
...
the
...
organization's
...
executive
...
or
...
business
...
management,
...
and
...
(2)
...
the
...
system
...
for
...
issuing
...
end-user
...
credentials
...
(e.g.
...
PKI
...
certificates,
...
userids/passwords,
...
Kerberos
...
principals,
...
etc.)
...
specifically
...
have
...
in
...
place
...
appropriate
...
risk
...
management
...
measures
...
(for
...
example
...
authentication
...
and
...
authorization
...
standards,
...
security
...
practices,
...
risk
...
assessment,
...
change
...
management
...
controls,
...
audit
...
trails,
...
etc.).
...
InCommon
...
expects
...
that
...
Resource
...
Providers,
...
who
...
receive
...
attribute
...
assertions
...
from
...
another
...
organization,
...
respect
...
the
...
other
...
organization's
...
policies,
...
rules
...
and
...
standards
...
regarding
...
the
...
protection
...
and
...
use
...
of
...
that
...
data.
...
Furthermore,
...
such
...
information
...
should
...
be
...
used
...
only
...
for
...
the
...
purposes
...
for
...
which
...
it
...
was
...
provided.
...
InCommon
...
strongly
...
discourages
...
the
...
sharing
...
of
...
that
...
data
...
with
...
third
...
parties,
...
or
...
aggregation
...
of
...
it
...
for
...
marketing
...
purposes
...
without
...
the
...
explicit
...
permission
...
[#1]
...
of
...
the
...
identity
...
information
...
provider.
...
InCommon
...
requires
...
participating
...
organizations
...
to
...
make
...
available
...
to
...
all
...
other
...
InCommon
...
Participants
...
answers
...
to
...
the
...
questions
...
below.
...
[
...
...
]
...
Additional
...
information
...
to
...
help
...
answer
...
each
...
question
...
is
...
available
...
in
...
the
...
next
...
section
...
of
...
this
...
document.
...
There
...
is
...
also
...
a
...
glossary
...
at
...
the
...
end
...
of
...
this
...
document
...
that
...
defines
...
terms
...
shown
...
in
...
italics.
...
1.
...
Federation
...
Participant
...
Information
...
1.1
...
InCommon
...
Participant
...
Operational
...
Practices
...
information
...
below
...
is
...
for:
...
University
...
of
...
California,
...
Davis
...
as
...
of
...
1
...
December
...
2010
...
(based
...
on
...
the
...
POP
...
version
...
submitted
...
19
...
July
...
2007).
...
1.2
...
Identity
...
Management
...
and/or
...
Privacy
...
information
...
Additional
...
information
...
about
...
the
...
Participant's
...
identity
...
management
...
practices
...
and/or
...
privacy
...
policy
...
regarding
...
personal
...
information
...
can
...
be
...
found
...
on-line
...
at
...
the
...
following
...
location(s):
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.3 Contact information
The following person or office can answer questions about the Participant's identity management system or resource access management policy or practice.
Name | Curtis Bray |
Title or role | Manager, Application Development & Data Administration |
Email address | clbray AT ucdavis DOT edu |
Phone | +1 530 754 6199 |
2. Credential Provider Information
The most critical responsibility that a Credential Provider Participant has to the Federation is to provide trustworthy and accurate identity assertions. [#3] It is important for a Resource Provider to know how your electronic identity credentials are issued and how reliable the information associated with a given credential (or person) is known.
Community
2.1 If you are a Credential Provider, how do you define the set of people who are eligible to receive an electronic identity? If exceptions to this definition are allowed, who must approve such an exception?
Current UC Davis students, faculty, and staff are qualified for an electronic identity and may apply for one at any time. "Current" faculty and staff must have active records in the campus payroll database, and "current" students must have records in the campus Banner database.
Guest faculty and staff, visiting scholars, and others may qualify for an electronic identity if sponsored by a UCD department. They can apply for an account by filling out a Temporary Affiliate Form.
More information can be found at the UCD Computing Account Services FAQ.
2.2 "Member of Community" [#4] is an assertion that might be offered to enable access to resources made available to individuals who participate in the primary mission of the university or organization. For example, this assertion might apply to anyone whose affiliation is "current student, faculty, or staff."
What subset of persons registered in your identity management system would you identify as a "Member of Community" in Shibboleth identity assertions to other InCommon participants?
Per above, current faculty, staff and students; guest faculty and staff; visiting scholars.
Electronic Identity Credentials
2.3 Please describe in general terms the administrative process used to establish an electronic identity that results in a record for that person being created in your electronic identity database? Please identify the office(s) of record for this purpose. For example, "Registrar's Office for students; HR for faculty and staff."
System-specific IDs are issued to affiliates on their respective systems of record (SORs). Payroll issues employee IDs to faculty and staff. The campus Student Information System, operated by the Registrar, issues student IDs to students and applicants. A small number of additional "external" SORs (e.g., University Extension, Cooperative Extension, and some of the professional schools) generate identifiers specific to their information systems.
A central accounts management system operated by Information & Educational Technology integrates identity data from these SORs into a metadirectory, reconciling and merging the data, and issuing a numeric, institutionally-unique identifier (coloquially "MothraID") for each affiliate. Identity data for sponsored temporary affiliates is entered via an application hosted on the central accounts management system.
Presentation of a government-issued ID is required in all cases except for applicants and matriculating students.
Affiliates visiting the accounts management system to create accounts and provision services are required to verify their identity with a number of pieces of information that, in combination, are considered known only to the affiliate.
2.4 What technologies are used for your electronic identity credentials (e.g. Kerberos, userID/password, PKI, ...) that may be used with InCommon actions? If more than one type of electronic credential is issued, how is it determined who receives which type? If multiple credentials are linked, how is this managed (e.g. anyone with a Kerberos credential also can acquire a PKI credential) and recorded?
Kerberos is the principal store of credential information. Secondarily, login IDs and password hashes are maintained in NIS maps (deprecated), LDAP, and Active Directory. The central accounts management system synchronizes password changes as necessary.
2.5 If your electronic identity credentials require the use of a secret password or PIN, and there are circumstances in which that secret would be transmitted across a network without being protected by encryption (i.e. "clear text passwords" are used when accessing campus services), please identify who in your organization can discuss with any other Participant concerns that this might raise for them:
The University completed an initiative to eliminate unprotected passwords on the network.
2.6 If you support a "single sign-on" (SSO) or similar campus-wide system to allow a single user authentication action to serve multiple applications and you will make use of this to authenticate people for InCommon Resource Providers, please describe the key security aspects of your SSO system including whether session timeouts are enforced by the system, whether user-initiated session termination is supported, and how use with "public access sites" is protected.
The campus employs both a home-grown legacy SSO ("DistAuth") and JA-SIG CAS. Both authenticate against the campus Kerberos service. Both employ configurable session timeouts in addition to a twenty-four hour Kerberos TGT timeout. Although both SSO services offer a limited form of user-initiated logout, clients are nonetheless strongly cautioned to close browser sessions when finished. InCommon Resource Providers will authenticate via JA-SIG CAS.
2.7 Are your primary electronic identifiers for people, such as "net ID," eduPerson EPPN, or eduPersonTargetedID considered to be unique for all time to the individual to whom they are assigned? If not, what is your policy for re-assignment and is there a hiatus between such reuse?
The UC Davis institutionally-unique identifier ("MothraID") is permanent, never reassigned, and is not reused.
_A campus NetID (Kerberos login ID) is considered permanent as long as the client remains affiliated with the University, and the client does not rename the NetID. NetIDs no longer in use remain ￢ﾀﾜlocked￢ﾀ� for one year following removal, after which they may be reused._
Certain affiliates (faculty, staff, alumni), after separating from the University, are eligible to participate in an email-forwarding service. As long as they recommit once every two years using their campus NetID, they may maintain email forwarding indefinitely.
The eduPersonTargetedID attribute is not currently available in production systems. Projects on the horizon will shortly mandate the use of one or both of these attributes. The eduPersonPrincipalName attribute, being composed from the campus NetID, may change if someone chooses to rename their NetID (Kerberos login ID). The eduPersonTargetedID attribute will be permanent, very likely algorithmically composed, and so not changable by the end user.
Electronic Identity Database
2.8 How is information in your electronic identity database acquired and updated? Are specific offices designated by your administration to perform this function? Are individuals allowed to update their own information on-line?
Electronic identity information is maintained per the description in section 2.3. In some cases, the central accounts management system periodically polls authoritative SORs. In other cases, the SORs upload identity data on an as-needed basis.
Individuals are allowed to update their data according to policies of the respective SORs.
2.9 What information in this database is considered "public information" and would be provided to any interested party?
_Information in the identity database, per se, is generally not considered "public information", with respect to being available to any interested party, except as authorized for publication in the campus directory, or for conducting official university business. Some of this information may be made public per policies of the respective SORs.
Your Uses of Your Electronic Identity Credential System
2.10 Please identify typical classes of applications [#5] for which your electronic identity credentials are used within your own organization?
A sampling of applications which may employ electronic credentials can be found at the UC Davis Computing Resources site.
Attribute Assertions
Attributes are the information data elements in an attribute assertion you might make to another Federation participant concerning the identity of a person in your identity management system.
2.11 Would you consider your attribute assertions to be reliable enough to:
- [
] control access to on-line information databases licensed to your organization? - [] be used to purchase goods or services for your organization?
- [] enable access to personal information such as student loan status?
Privacy Policy
Federation participants must respect the legal and organizational privacy constraints on attribute information provided by other participants and use it only for its intended purposes.
2.12 What restrictions do you place on the use of attribute information that you might provide to other Federation participants?
Attributes are released for use by other federation participants on a per-agreement basis, taking into account federal, state and local regulations, university policy, and business need.
2.13 What policies govern the use of attribute information that you might release to other Federation participants? For example, is some information subject to FERPA or HIPAA restrictions?
See the policy links in section 1.2.
3. Resource Provider Information
Resource Providers are trusted to ask for only the information necessary to make an appropriate access control decision, and to not misuse information provided to them by Credential Providers. Resource Providers must describe the basis on which access to resources is managed and their practices with respect to attribute information they receive from other Participants.
UC Davis IET is not presently a Resource Provider.
4. Other Information
4.1 Technical Standards, Versions and Interoperability
Identify the version of Internet2 Shibboleth code release that you are using or, if not using the standard Shibboleth code, what version(s) of the SAML and SOAP and any other relevant standards you have implemented for this purpose.
Shibboleth IdP 2.1.5
4.2 Other Considerations
Are there any other considerations or information that you wish to make known to other Federation participants with whom you might interoperate, e.g., concern about the use of clear text passwords or responsibilities in case of a security breach involving identity information you may have provided?
N/A.
Additional Notes and Details on the Operational Practices Questions
As a community of organizations willing to manage access to on-line resources cooperatively, and often without formal contracts in the case of non-commercial resources, it is essential that each participant have a good understanding of the identity and resource management practices implemented by other participants. The purpose of the questions above is to establish a base level of common understanding by making this information available for other participants to evaluate.
In answering these questions, please consider what you would want to know about your own operations if you were another participant deciding what level of trust to place in interactions with your on-line systems. For example:
- What would you need to know about a Credential Provider in order to make an informed decision whether to accept their assertions to manage access to your on-line resources or applications?
- What would you need to know about a Resource Provider in order to feel confident providing it information that it might not otherwise be able to have?
It also might help to consider how identity management systems within a single institution could be used among its organizations.
- What might your central campus IT organization, as a Resource Provider, ask of a peer campus Credential Provider (e.g. Computer Science Department, central Library, or Medical Center) in order to decide whether to accept its identity assertions for access to resources that the IT organization controls?
- What might a campus department ask about the central campus identity management system if the department wanted to leverage it for use with its own applications?
The numbered paragraphs below provide additional background to the numbered questions in the main part of this document.
[1.2] InCommon Credential Providers are strongly encouraged to post on their web site the privacy and information security policies that govern their identity management system. Resource Providers are strongly encouraged to post their policies with respect to use of personally identifying information.
[1.3] Other InCommon Participants may wish to contact this person or office with further questions about the information you have provided or if they wish to establish a more formal relationship with your organization regarding resource sharing.
[2] Many organizations have very informal processes for issuing electronic credentials. For example, one campus does this through their student bookstore. A Resource Provider may be more willing to accept your assertions to the extent that this process can be seen as authoritative.
[2.1] It is important for a Resource Provider to have some idea of the community whose identities you may represent. This is particularly true for assertions such as the eduPerson "Member of Community" or "student," etc. A typical definition might be "Faculty, staff, and active students" but it might also include alumni, prospective students, temporary employees, visiting scholars, etc. In addition, there may be formal or informal mechanisms for making exceptions to this definition, e.g. to accommodate a former student still finishing a thesis or an unpaid volunteer.
This question asks to whom you, as a Credential Provider, will provide electronic credentials. This is typically broadly defined so that the organization can accommodate a wide variety of applications locally. The reason this question is important is to distinguish between the set of people who might have a credential that you issue and the subset of those people who fall within your definition of "Member of Community" for the purpose of InCommon attribute assertions.
[2.2] The assertion of "Member of Community" is often good enough for deciding whether to grant access to basic on-line resources, e.g. library-like materials or web sites. InCommon encourages participants to use this assertion only for "Faculty, Staff, and active Students" but some organizations may have the need to define this differently. InCommon Resource Providers need to know if has been defined differently.
[2.3] For example, if there is a campus recognized office of record that issues such electronic credentials and that office makes use of strong, reliable technology and good database management practices, those factors might indicate highly reliable credentials and hence trustworthy identity assertions.
[2.4] Different technologies carry different inherent risks. For example, a userID and password can be shared or "stolen" rather easily. A PKI credential or SecureID card is much harder to share or steal. For practical reasons, some campuses use one technology for student credentials and another for faculty and staff. In some cases sensitive applications will warrant stronger and/or secondary credentials.
[2.5] Sending passwords in "clear text" is a significant risk and all InCommon Participants are strongly encouraged to eliminate any such practice. Unfortunately this may be difficult, particularly with legacy applications. For example, gaining access to a centralized calendar application via a wireless data connection while you are attending a conference might reveal your password to many others at that conference. If this is also your campus credential password, it could be used by another person to impersonate you to InCommon Participants.
[2.6] "Single sign-on" (SSO) is a method that allows a user to unlock their electronic identity credential once and then use it for access to a variety of resources and applications for some period of time. This avoids people having to remember many different identifiers and passwords or to continually log into and out of systems. However, it also may weaken the link between an electronic identity and the actual person to whom it refers because someone else might be able to use the same computer and assume the former user's identity. If there is no limit on the duration of a SSO session, a Federation Resource Provider may be concerned about the validity of any identity assertions you might make. Therefore it is important to ask about your use of SSO technologies.
[2.7] In some identity management systems, primary identifiers for people might be reused, particularly if they contain common names, e.g. Jim Smith@MYU.edu. This can create ambiguity if a Resource Provider requires this primary identifier to manage access to resources for that person.
[2.8] Security of the database that holds information about a person is at least as critical as the electronic identity credentials that provide the links to records in that database. Appropriate security for the database, as well as management and audit trails of changes made to that database, and management of access to that database information are important.
[2.9] Many organizations will make available to anyone certain, limited "public information." Other information may be given only to internal organization users or applications, or may require permission from the subject under FERPA or HIPAA rules. A Resource Provider may need to know what information you are willing to make available as "public information" and what rules might apply to other information that you might release.
[2.10] In order to help a Resource Provider assess how reliable your identity assertions may be, it is helpful to know how your organization uses those same assertions. The assumption here is that you are or will use the same identity management system for your own applications as you are using for InCommon purposes.
[2.11] Your answer to this question indicates the degree of confidence you have in the accuracy of your identity assertions.
[2.12] Even "public information" may be constrained in how it can be used. For example, creating a marketing email list by "harvesting" email addresses from a campus directory web site may be considered illicit use of that information. Please indicate what restrictions you place on information you make available to others.
[2.13] Please indicate what legal or other external constraints there may be on information you make available to others.
[3.1] Please identify your access management requirements to help other Participants understand and plan for use of your resource(s). You might also or instead provide contact information for an office or person who could answer inquiries.
[3.2] As a Resource Provider, please declare what use(s) you would make of attribute information you receive.
[3.3] Personally identifying information can be a wide variety of things, not merely a name or credit card number. All information other than large group identity, e.g. "member of community," should be protected while resident on your site.
[3.4] Certain functional positions can have extraordinary privileges with respect to information on your systems. What oversight means are in place to ensure incumbents do not misuse such privileges?
[3.5] Occasionally protections break down and information is compromised. Some states have laws requiring notification of affected individuals. What legal and/or institutional policies govern notification of individuals if information you hold is compromised?
[4.1] Most InCommon Participants will use Internet2 Shibboleth technology but this is not required. It may be important for other participants to understand whether you are using other implementations of the technology standards.
[4.2] As a Credential Provider, you may wish to place constraints on the kinds of applications that may make use of your assertions. As a Resource Provider, you make wish to make a statement about how User credentials must be managed. This question is completely open ended and for your use.
Glossary
access management | The collection of systems and or services associated with specific on-line resources and/or services that together derive the decision about whether to allow a given individual to gain access to those resources or make use of those services. |
assertion | The identity information provided by a Credential Provider to a Resource Provider. |
attribute | A single piece of information associated with an electronic identity database record. Some attributes are general; others are personal. Some subset of all attributes defines a unique individual. |
authentication The process by which a person verifies or confirms their association with an electronic identifier. For example, entering a password that is associated with an UserID or account name is assumed to verify that the user is the person to whom the UserID was issued. | |
authorization | The process of determining whether a specific person should be allowed to gain access to an application or function, or to make use of a resource. The resource manager then makes the access control decision, which also may take into account other factors such as time of day, location of the user, and/or load on the resource system. |
Credential Provider | A campus or other organization that manages and operates an identity management system and offers information about members of its community to other InCommon participants. |
electronic identifier | A string of characters or structured data that may be used to reference an electronic identity. Examples include an email address, a user account name, a Kerberos principal name, a UC or campus NetID, an employee or student ID, or a PKI certificate. |
electronic identity | A set of information that is maintained about an individual, typically in campus electronic identity databases. May include roles and privileges as well as personal information. The information must be authoritative to the applications for which it will be used. |
electronic identity credential | An electronic identifier and corresponding personal secret associated with an electronic identity. An electronic identity credential typically is issued to the person who is the subject of the information to enable that person to gain access to applications or other resources that need to control such access. |
electronic identity database | A structured collection of information pertaining to a given individual. Sometimes referred to as an "enterprise directory." Typically includes name, address, email address, affiliation, and electronic identifier(s). Many technologies can be used to create an identity database, for example LDAP or a set of linked relational databases. |
identity | Identity is the set of information associated with a specific physical person or other entity. Typically a Credential Provider will be authoritative for only a subset of a person's identity information. What identity attributes might be relevant in any situation depend on the context in which it is being questioned. |
identity management system | A set of standards, procedures and technologies that provide electronic credentials to individuals and maintain authoritative information about the holders of those credentials. |
NetID | An electronic identifier created specifically for use with on-line applications. It is often an integer and typically has no other meaning. |
personal secret (also verification token) | Used in the context of this document, is synonymous with password, pass phrase or PIN. It enables the holder of an electronic identifier to confirm that s/he is the person to whom the identifier was issued. |
Resource Provider | A campus or other organization that makes on-line resources available to users based in part on information about them that it receives from other InCommon participants. |
[1
| Anchor | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
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[2
| Anchor | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
[3
| Anchor | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
...
[4
...
| Anchor |
|---|
...
|
...
...
"Member"
...
is
...
one
...
possible
...
value
...
for
...
eduPersonAffiliation
...
as
...
defined
...
in
...
the
...
eduPerson
...
schema.
...
It
...
is
...
intended
...
to
...
include
...
faculty,
...
staff,
...
student,
...
and
...
other
...
persons
...
with
...
a
...
basic
...
set
...
of
...
privileges
...
that
...
go
...
with
...
membership
...
in
...
the
...
university
...
community
...
(
...
e.g.
...
,
...
library
...
privileges).
...
"Member
...
of
...
Community"
...
could
...
be
...
derived
...
from
...
other
...
values
...
in
...
{{eduPersonAffiliation"}
...
or
...
assigned
...
explicitly
...
as
...
"Member"
...
in
...
the
...
electronic
...
identity
...
database.
...
See
...
http://www.educause.edu/eduperson/
...
[5
...
| Anchor |
|---|
...
|
...
...
Please
...
see
...
http://www.incommonfederation.org/docs/benefits/incommon_usecases.html
...